Publikationsliste

What do we still need to know about Ixodes ricinus?
Gray J, Kahl O, Zintl A.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021 Feb 2;12(3):101682. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101682. Online ahead of print.

 

Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum
Rubel F, Brugger K, Belova OA, Kholodilov IS, Didyk YM, Kurzrock L, García-Pérez AL, Kahl O.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2020 Sep;82(1):95-123. doi: 10.1007/s10493-020-00533-y. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

 

Long-term monitoring of the seasonal density of questing ixodid ticks in Vienna (Austria): setup and first results
Vogelgesang JR, Walter M, Kahl O, Rubel F, Brugger K.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2020 Jul;81(3):409-420. doi: 10.1007/s10493-020-00511-4. Epub 2020 Jun 18.

 

Ehrlichia ruminantium in Russia? A call for attention to editors, reviewers and scientists
Uilenberg G, Gray J, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020 Jan;11(1):101302. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101302. Epub 2019 Sep 21.

 

Isolation of known and potentially pathogenic tick-borne microorganisms from European ixodid ticks using tick cell lines
Palomar AM, Premchand-Branker S, Alberdi P, Belova OA, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Kahl O, Bell-Sakyi L.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019 Apr;10(3):628-638. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.02.008. Epub 2019 Feb 19.

 

Questing Ixodes frontalis larvae in a forest close to Berlin (Germany) in November 2018
Kahl O, Bulling I, Chitimia-Dobler L.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019 Apr;10(3):513-514. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.005. Epub 2019 Jan 23.

 

Microsatellite-based genetic diversity of Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe
Paulauskas A, Galdikas M, Galdikaitė-Brazienė E, Stanko M, Kahl O, Karbowiak G, Radzijevskaja J.
Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Dec;66:200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.029. Epub 2018 Oct 2.

 

Hard ticks as vectors-some basic issues
Kahl O.
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018 Aug;130(15-16):479-483. doi: 10.1007/s00508-018-1360-x. Epub 2018 Jul 13.

 

Geographical distribution, climate adaptation and vector competence of the Eurasian hard tick Haemaphysalis concinna
Rubel F, Brugger K, Walter M, Vogelgesang JR, Didyk YM, Fu S, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018 Jul;9(5):1080-1089. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 10.

 

Research on Piroplasmorida and other tick-borne agents: Are we going the right way?
Uilenberg G, Gray J, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018 May;9(4):860-863. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.005. Epub 2018 Mar 7.

 

The importance of differentiating between cryptic species in eco-epidemiological studies
Petney T, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018 Jan;9(1):1. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.016. Epub 2017 Oct 31.

 

To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis – Author’s reply
Dessau RB, van Dam AP, Fingerle V, Gray J, Hovius JW, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kristoferitsch W, Lindgren PE, Markowicz M, Mavin S, Ornstein K, Rupprecht T, Stanek G, Strle F.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Feb;24(2):211-212. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.011. Epub 2017 Oct 24.

 

Ixodes inopinatus – Occurring also outside the Mediterranean region
Chitimia-Dobler L, Rieß R, Kahl O, Wölfel S, Dobler G, Nava S, Estrada-Peña A.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018 Feb;9(2):196-200. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.004. Epub 2017 Sep 9.

 

To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: a position paper of ESGBOR, the ESCMID study group for Lyme borreliosis
Dessau RB, van Dam AP, Fingerle V, Gray J, Hovius JW, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kristoferitsch W, Lindgren PE, Markowicz M, Mavin S, Ornstein K, Rupprecht T, Stanek G, Strle F.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Feb;24(2):118-124. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.025. Epub 2017 Sep 5.

 

Corrigendum: There is inadequate evidence to support the division of the genus Borrelia
Margos G, Marosevic D, Cutler S, Derdakova M, Diuk-Wasser M, Emler S, Fish D, Gray J, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kovalev S, Kraiczy P, Lane RS, Lienhard R, Lindgren PE, Ogden NH, Ornstein K, Rupprecht T, Schwartz I, Sing A, Straubinger RK, Strle F, Voordouw M, Rizzoli A, Stevenson B, Fingerle V.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2017 Jun;67(6):2073. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002100.

 

A brief history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the late 1930s (based on reminiscences of members of the expeditions, their colleagues, and relatives)
Zlobin VI, Pogodina VV, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017 Oct;8(6):813-820. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 May 5.

 

There is inadequate evidence to support the division of the genus Borrelia
Margos G, Marosevic D, Cutler S, Derdakova M, Diuk-Wasser M, Emler S, Fish D, Gray J, Hunfeldt KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kovalev S, Kraiczy P, Lane RS, Lienhard R, Lindgren PE, Ogden N, Ornstein K, Rupprecht T, Schwartz I, Sing A, Straubinger RK, Strle F, Voordouw M, Rizzoli A, Stevenson B, Fingerle V.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2017 Apr;67(4):1081-1084. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001717. Epub 2017 May 5.

 

A Density Map of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Lyme Borreliosis Vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) for Germany
Brugger K, Boehnke D, Petney T, Dobler G, Pfeffer M, Silaghi C, Schaub GA, Pinior B, Dautel H, Kahl O, Pfister K, Süss J, Rubel F.
J Med Entomol. 2016 Nov;53(6):1292-1302. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjw116. Epub 2016 Aug 7.

 

Diapause in ticks of the medically important Ixodes ricinus species complex
Gray JS, Kahl O, Lane RS, Levin ML, Tsao JI.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016 Jul;7(5):992-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.006. Epub 2016 May 17.

 

Geographical distribution of Dermacentor marginatus and Dermacentor reticulatus in Europe
Rubel F, Brugger K, Pfeffer M, Chitimia-Dobler L, Didyk YM, Leverenz S, Dautel H, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016 Feb;7(1):224-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.10.015. Epub 2015 Oct 23.

 

The first German map of georeferenced ixodid tick locations
Rubel F, Brugger K, Monazahian M, Habedank B, Dautel H, Leverenz S, Kahl O.
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Oct 10;7:477. doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0477-7.

 

The ecology of ticks, tick-borne diseases and biological tick control in Baden-Württemberg
Sebastian P, Mackenstedt U, Wassermann M, Wurst E, Hartelt K, Petney T, Pfäffle M, Littwin N, Steidle JL, Selzer P, Norra S, Böhnke D, Gebhardt R, Kahl O, Dautel H, Oehme R.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2014 May;57(5):549-56. doi: 10.1007/s00103-013-1929-5.

 

The lymphocyte transformation test for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis has currently not been shown to be clinically useful
Dessau RB, Fingerle V, Gray J, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kahl O, Kristoferitsch W, Stanek G, Strle F.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Oct;20(10):O786-7. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12583. Epub 2014 Mar 6.

 

Tick repellents for human use: prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases
Pages F, Dautel H, Duvallet G, Kahl O, de Gentile L, Boulanger N.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Feb;14(2):85-93. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1410. Epub 2014 Jan 10.

 

Research on the ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens–methodological principles and caveats
Estrada-Peña A, Gray JS, Kahl O, Lane RS, Nijhof AM.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013 Aug 8;3:29. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00029. eCollection 2013.

 

Another good news from TTBDIS
Süss J, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011 Sep;2(3):iii. doi: 10.1016/S1877-959X(11)00052-5.

 

Ticks and tick-borne diseases – the successful story goes on
Süss J, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011 Mar;2(1):1. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.01.001. Epub 2011 Jan 28.

 

Tick-borne encephalitis in the age of general mobility
Süss J, Kahl O, Aspöck H, Hartelt K, Vaheri A, Oehme R, Hasle G, Dautel H, Kunz C, Kupreviciene N, Randolph S, Zimmermann HP, Atkinson B, Dobler G, Kutsar K, Heinz FX, Steffen R.
Wien Med Wochenschr. 2010 Feb;160(3-4):94-100. doi: 10.1007/s10354-010-0756-7.

 

Editorial. Launch of the peer-reviewed journal „Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (TTBDIS)“
Süss J, Kahl O.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2010 Mar;1(1):1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.01.003. Epub 2010 Feb 11.

 

Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in europe
Gray JS, Dautel H, Estrada-Peña A, Kahl O, Lindgren E.
Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:593232. doi: 10.1155/2009/593232. Epub 2009 Jan 4.

 

Pathogens and host DNA in Ixodes ricinus nymphal ticks from a German forest
Pichon B, Kahl O, Hammer B, Gray JS.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2006 Winter;6(4):382-7. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.382.

 

Determining the tick scutal index allows assessment of tick feeding duration and estimation of infection risk with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a person bitten by an Ixodes ricinus nymph
Meiners T, Hammer B, Göbel UB, Kahl O.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2006 May;296 Suppl 40:103-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.048. Epub 2006 Mar 9.

 

Dynamics of dissemination and outer surface protein expression of different European Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains in artificially infected Ixodes ricinus nymphs
Fingerle V, Rauser S, Hammer B, Kahl O, Heimerl C, Schulte-Spechtel U, Gern L, Wilske B.
J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Apr;40(4):1456-63. doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.4.1456-1463.2002.

 

Visualization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on whole-body sections of Ixodes ricinus ticks and gerbil skin biopsies
Hammer B, Moter A, Kahl O, Alberti G, Göbel UB.
Microbiology (Reading). 2001 Jun;147(Pt 6):1425-1436. doi: 10.1099/00221287-147-6-1425.

 

The pigeon tick (Argas reflexus): its biology, ecology, and epidemiological aspects
Dautel H, Scheurer S, Kahl O.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1999 Dec;289(5-7):745-53. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(99)80049-8.

 

Chemoprophylaxis for Lyme borreliosis?
Stanek G, Kahl O.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1999 Dec;289(5-7):655-65. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(99)80025-5.

 

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents in a recreational park in south-western Ireland
Gray JS, Kirstein F, Robertson JN, Stein J, Kahl O.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1999 Sep;23(9):717-29. doi: 10.1023/a:1006233700194.

 

Water balance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) maintained by brief daily spells of elevated air humidity
De Boer R, Kuller K, Kahl O.
J Med Entomol. 1998 Nov;35(6):905-10. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.6.905.

 

Lyme borreliosis habitat assessment
Gray JS, Kahl O, Robertson JN, Daniel M, Estrada-Peña A, Gettinby G, Jaenson TG, Jensen P, Jongejan F, Korenberg E, Kurtenbach K, Zeman P.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Mar;287(3):211-28. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80123-0.

 

European reservoir hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
Gern L, Estrada-Peña A, Frandsen F, Gray JS, Jaenson TG, Jongejan F, Kahl O, Korenberg E, Mehl R, Nuttall PA.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Mar;287(3):196-204. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80121-7.

 

Ixodes ricinus strains in Europe
Estrada-Peña A, Daniel M, Frandsen F, Gern L, Gettinby G, Gray JS, Jaenson TG, Jongejan F, Kahl O, Korenberg E, Mehl R, Nuttall PA.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Mar;287(3):185-9. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80119-9.

 

Lyme borreliosis awareness
Gray JS, Granström M, Cimmino M, Daniel M, Gettinby G, Kahl O, Jaenson TG, Jongejan F, Korenberg E, O’Connell S.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Mar;287(3):253-65. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80127-8.

 

Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks: immunofluorescence assay versus polymerase chain reaction
Kahl O, Gern L, Gray JS, Guy EC, Jongejan F, Kirstein F, Kurtenbach K, Rijpkema SG, Stanek G.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Mar;287(3):205-10. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80122-9.

 

Risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato for a host in relation to the duration of nymphal Ixodes ricinus feeding and the method of tick removal
Kahl O, Janetzki-Mittmann C, Gray JS, Jonas R, Stein J, de Boer R.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 Jan;287(1-2):41-52. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80142-4.

 

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-specific RT-PCR for characterization of natural foci of TBE and for other applications
Süss J, Béziat P, Ramelow C, Kahl O.
Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1997 Jun;286(1):125-38. doi: 10.1016/s0934-8840(97)80084-9..

 

Fatal attraction or how do we get tick bites?
Kahl O.
Infection. 1996 Sep-Oct;24(5):394-5. doi: 10.1007/BF01716092.

 

The spatial distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus in the Connemara region of County Galway, Ireland
Gray JS, Kahl O, Janetzki C, Stein J, Guy E.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1995 Mar;19(3):163-72. doi: 10.1007/BF00046288.

 

Acquisition of Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes ricinus ticks fed on the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L
Gray JS, Kahl O, Janetzki-Mittman C, Stein J, Guy E.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1994 Aug;18(8):485-91. doi: 10.1007/BF00051470.

 

Studies on the ecology of Lyme disease in a deer forest in County Galway, Ireland
Gray JS, Kahl O, Janetzki C, Stein J.
J Med Entomol. 1992 Nov;29(6):915-20. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/29.6.915.

 

Tick infection rates with Borrelia: Ixodes ricinus versus Haemaphysalis concinna and Dermacentor reticulatus in two locations in eastern Germany
Kahl O, Janetzki C, Gray JS, Stein J, Bauch RJ.
Med Vet Entomol. 1992 Oct;6(4):363-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00634.x.

 

Gross morphological changes in the salivary glands of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) between bloodmeals in relation to active uptake of atmospheric water vapour
Kahl O, Hoff R, Knülle W.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1990 Oct;9(3-4):239-58. doi: 10.1007/BF01193431.

 

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Berlin (West)
Kahl O, Schmidt K, Schönberg A, Laukamm-Josten U, Knülle W, Bienzle U.
Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1989 Jan;270(3):434-40. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(89)80013-6.

 

First isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, from Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Berlin (West)
Schönberg A, Camey C, Kahl O, Wilske B, Preac-Mursic V, Hovind-Hougen K.
Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1988 Jun;268(4):487-94. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80128-7.

 

Occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Berlin (West)
Kahl O, Radda AC.
Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1988 Jun;268(4):482-6. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80127-5.

 

Water vapour uptake from subsaturated atmospheres by engorged immature ixodid ticks
Kahl O, Knülle W.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1988 Feb;4(1):73-83. doi: 10.1007/BF01213843.

 

Host identification in unfed ticks from stable isotope compositions (δ¹³ C and δ¹⁵ N)
Heylen D, Schmidt O, Dautel H, Gern L, Kampen H, Newton J, Gray J.
Med Vet Entomol. 2019 Sep;33(3):360-366. doi: 10.1111/mve.12372. Epub 2019 Mar 18.

 

High efficacy of a dimeticone-based pediculicide following a brief application: in vitro assays and randomized controlled investigator-blinded clinical trial
Heukelbach J, Wolf D, Clark JM, Dautel H, Roeschmann K.BMC
Dermatol. 2019 Oct 18;19(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12895-019-0094-4.

 

Test systems for tick repellents
Dautel H.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2004 Apr;293 Suppl 37:182-8. doi: 10.1016/s1433-1128(04)80037-8.

 

Long-term in vitro cultivation of Borrelia miyamotoi
Margos G, Stockmeier S, Hizo-Teufel C, Hepner S, Fish D, Dautel H, Sing A, Dzaferovic E, Rieger M, Jungnick S, Binder K, Straubinger RK, Fingerle V.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Mar;6(2):181-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 22.

 

Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum ticks, Germany
Rumer L, Graser E, Hillebrand T, Talaska T, Dautel H, Mediannikov O, Roy-Chowdhury P, Sheshukova O, Donoso Mantke O, Niedrig M.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Feb;17(2):325-6. doi: 10.3201/eid1702.100308.

 

Efficacy testing of several Ixodes ricinus tick repellents: different results with different assays
Dautel H, Dippel C, Werkhausen A, Diller R.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013 Apr;4(3):256-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.11.007. Epub 2013 Jan 20.

 

Species determination and characterization of developmental stages of ticks by whole-animal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Karger A, Kampen H, Bettin B, Dautel H, Ziller M, Hoffmann B, Süss J, Klaus C.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012 Apr;3(2):78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.11.002. Epub 2012 Jan 5.

 

The supercooling ability of ticks (Acari, Ixodoidea)
Dautel H, Knülle W.
J Comp Physiol B. 1996;166(8):517-24. doi: 10.1007/BF02338295.

 

Differentiation of medically important Euro-Asian tick species Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes hexagonus, and Dermacentor reticulatus by polymerase chain reaction
Rumer L, Sheshukova O, Dautel H, Donoso Mantke O, Niedrig M.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Jul;11(7):899-905. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0191. Epub 2010 Oct 28.

 

Bites of the European pigeon tick (Argas reflexus): Risk of IgE-mediated sensitizations and anaphylactic reactions
Kleine-Tebbe J, Heinatz A, Gräser I, Dautel H, Hansen GN, Kespohl S, Rihs HP, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Vater G, Rytter M, Haustein UF.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Jan;117(1):190-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.056.

 

Evidence for an increased geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Germany and detection of Rickettsia sp. RpA4
Dautel H, Dippel C, Oehme R, Hartelt K, Schettler E.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2006 May;296 Suppl 40:149-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.013. Epub 2006 Mar 9.

 

Prevention of infectious tick-borne diseases in humans: Comparative studies of the repellency of different dodecanoic acid-formulations against Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
Schwantes U, Dautel H, Jung G.
Parasit Vectors. 2008 Apr 8;1(1):8. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-1-8.

 

Seasonal oviposition and temperature requirements of eggs may limit northern distribution of European Argas reflexus (Acari: Argasidae)
Dautel H, Knülle W.
J Med Entomol. 1998 Jan;35(1):26-37. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.1.26.

 

Cold hardiness, supercooling ability and causes of low-temperature mortality in the soft tick, Argas reflexus, and the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodoidea) from Central Europe
Knülle W, Dautel H.
J Insect Physiol. 1997 Sep;43(9):843-854. doi: 10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00025-5.

 

Natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks
Schmidt O, Dautel H, Newton J, Gray JS.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011 Dec;2(4):225-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.09.006. Epub 2011 Oct 1.

 

The influence of physiological age of Argas reflexus larvae (Acari: Argasidae) and of temperature and photoperiod on induction and duration of diapause
Dautel H, Knülle W.
Oecologia. 1997 Dec;113(1):46-52. doi: 10.1007/s004420050352.

 

Water loss and metabolic water in starving Argas reflexus nymphs (Acari: Argasidae)
Dautel H.
J Insect Physiol. 1999 Jan;45(1):55-63. doi: 10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00099-7.